- Today, approximately
390,000 Americans own Prius. Although hugely successful by means of hybrid
technology, it is not clear how much potential there is in the hybrid
market. - In 2005, Ford had announced
that it will be building 250,000 hybrids by 2010, but doesn’t seem to have
the same goal anymore. - The problem with the logic
of hybrids as a solution to global warming is that their fuel efficiency
can soon be offset by the increase in global car ownership. - Ethanol, presents one
option for petroleum replacement. It currently accounts for 3.5% of
American fuel consumption, but is growing by 25% a year owing to heavy
subsidies. When the oil prices peak, the payback from an ethanol plant is
as low as 11 months. However, there are four problems with corn ethanol:- The market is limited
because although any car can take E10 fuel (10% ethanol), only 6m out of
America’s 237m cars and trucks are “flex-fuel” vehicles that can take E85
(85% ethanol). Converting a car costs only $200 but invalidates the
guarantee. American car manufacturers are aiming for half of its output
to be “flex-fuel” by 2012. - Although at the pump corn
ethanol is competitive with gasoline, America’s subsidies cost taxpayers
somewhere between $5.5 billion and $7.3 billion a year. High tariffs are
restricting the import of cheap Brazilian ethanol made from sugar cane. - Corn ethanol is not very
green and some people think that the energy used in growing corn result
in more emissions than it saves. It is argued that a better bet may be
cellulosic ethanol – ethanol that can be made out of straw, switchgrass,
wood chips – pretty much anything with cellulose in it. - It is less energy
intensive than petrol, so you get fewer miles per gallon. Due to this
reason, BP is putting its money (along with Du Pont) into a different
fuel, biobutanol, which is more energy-intensive than ethanol.
- The market is limited
- Although there was
excitement around hydrogen fuel cells in the late 1990s but the hopes that
the technology will be in the market early in this decade were
disappointed. Shell, which is taking hydrogen seriously, is about to open
its first filling station in California. It has one already in Washington
D.C. to service ten cars, and another in Iceland, for three buses. According
to Shell’s Duncan Macleod, hydrogen cars cost around $1million dollars
each to build. At the pump, hydrogen costs $5 a kilo – about the same, in
terms of mileage, as current petrol prices. - GM is working on battery
technology. It unveiled Chevrolet Volt in 2007, which has both a battery
and combustion engine. The technology got good reviews although it is
uncertain when commercial production will begin. - In 2006, Elon Musk, the
South African born entrepreneur who started Paypal, unveiled the Tesla, an
electric sports car, which plugs into the wall and stores the energy in a
lithium-ion battery. The car is however very expensive and the plans for
work on the budget version will begin in 2008. The maximum driving range is 250 miles.
Source: The Economist, June 2nd 2007. (“The drive for low
emissions” pp. 26-28)